EMPLOYMENT
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
Post-PhD
- Assistant Professor,
Cognitive Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2007-.
- Sloan-Swartz Fellow,
Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, Caltech, 2002-2006.
- Postdoctoral Fellow, Psychological and Brain
Sciences, Duke University, 2000-2002.
- Neuroscience Consultant, Schafer Biotechnology,
Arlington, VA, 1998-1999.
- Visiting Assistant Professor,
Computer Science, University College Cork, Ireland, 1997-1998.
Pre-PhD
- Neuroanatomy Research Assistant, University
of Maryland, 1993-1997.
- Lecturer, Department of Mathematics, University of
Maryland, 1995-1997.
- Laboratory Lecturer, Department of Physics, George
Mason University, 1992-1995.
- Lecturer, Department of Philosophy, University of
Maryland, Summer 1994.
- Teaching Assistant, Department of Philosophy, University
of Maryland, Fall 1993.
- Lab Assistant, Image Recognition Laboratory,
University of Maryland, Fall 1992.
- Undergrad Lab Assistant, Stanford Linear Accelerator,
University of Virginia, Spring 1992.
- Undergrad Lab Assistant, Cosmic Ray Physics, University
of Utah, Summer 1991.
- Undergrad Lab Assistant, Fermi Accelerator Laboratory,
Summer 1990.
- Undergrad Lab Assistant, Dept of Astronomy, University
of Maryland, Summer 1989.
EXTERNAL FELLOW
|
ARTICLES AND BOOKS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
BOOKS
-
Changizi MA (2009)
THE VISION REVOLUTION: How the Latest
Research Overturns Everything We Thought We Knew About Human Vision
(BenBella Books).
[ PDF Blurb ]
[ News stories:
The New York Times,
Scientific American
]
-
Changizi MA (2003)
THE BRAIN FROM 25,000 FEET: High Level Explorations of
Brain Complexity, Perception, Induction and Vagueness
(Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht).
Description,
Buy the book at Amazon,
Table of contents (pdf),
[Chapter 1: Scaling in Nervous Networks],
[Chapter 2: Inevitability of Illusions],
[Chapter 3: Induction and Innateness],
[Chapter 4: Vagueness and Consequences of a Finite Brain],
A review in Synthese by Dan Ryder.
ARTICLES
Submitted
- Changizi MA, Brucksch M, Kotecha R, McDonald K & Rio K
Ecological warnings.
Under review.
[ not yet available ]
- Changizi MA & Rio K
Harnessing color vision for oximetry.
Under review.
[ not yet available ]
- Changizi MA & Destefano M.
Common scaling laws for city highway systems and the mammalian neocortex.
Under review.
[ PDF preprint ]
Accepted
- Changizi MA & Shimojo S (2008)
A functional explanation for
the effects of visual exposure on preference.
Perception, to appear.
[ PDF preprint ]
- Changizi MA & Shimojo S (2008)
"X-ray vision" and the evolution of forward-facing eyes.
Journal of Theoretical Biology, to appear.
[ PDF preprint ]
- Changizi MA (2008)
Harnessing vision for computation.
Perception 37: 1131-1134.
[ PDF preprint ]
[ News stories:
Wired.com,
Science Daily,
DailyTech,
ScienceAGoGo,
Tendencias,
NEWS.XMNN,
CNews,
KopalniaWiedzy,
Dr. Dobb's,
Technology Research News Magazine
]
- Changizi MA (2008)
Economically organized hierarchies in WordNet and the Oxford English Dictionary
Journal of Cognitive Systems Research 9: 214-228.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ News stories:
Scientific American,
Tendencias (Spain),
RPI News,
Red Orbit,
New Kerala,
United Press International
]
- Changizi MA, Hsieh A, Nijhawan R, Kanai R & Shimojo S (2008)
Perceiving-the-present and a systematization of illusions.
Cognitive Science 32: 459-503.
[ PDF preprint ]
[ News stories:
The New York Times,
Spiegel,
Scientific American,
FOX News Channel (live television interview),
Albany's Channel 10 News (television interview),
Live Science
(picked up in Yahoo News, MSNBC, Fox News, and worldwide),
Scientific American Mind,
Sync (Dutch),
Lufthansa Exclusive,
RPI News,
Caltech News,
Newsland (Russian),
Science Daily,
Times of India,
MSN India,
Technocrat,
Tarakosh Josh!,
Lawrence Journal-World,
TechRevu,
DVICE,
Technovelgy
]
- Changizi MA (2006)
The optimal human ventral stream from estimates of the complexity of visual objects.
Biological Cybernetics 94: 415-426.
[ PDF reprint ]
- Changizi MA, Zhang Q & Shimojo S (2006)
Bare skin, blood, and the evolution of primate color vision.
Biology Letters 2: 217-221.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ News stories:
Reuters,
New Scientist,
Financial Times,
Scientific American,
Discover Magazine,
Bild der Wissenschaft (roughly a German Scientific American),
ABC News,
American Scientist,
Science Magazine (controversy),
Time Magazine,
Daily Telegraph,
Daily Telegraph (Santa),
Pasadena Star News,
The Times of London,
BBC Wildlife Magazine,
Bluesci (Cambridge Science Magazine),
Rhein Zeitung,
Ingenioren,
Der Standard,
Die Presse,
Ego-Net,
GEO Magazine,
3SAT,
Die Welt,
Kagaku (Japanese scientific magazine),
Nikkei Science,
Iran Daily,
Arkadas,
Asahi Shimbun,
CBC News,
The Independent (London),
Best Friends Magazine,
Ceske Novinky,
CNet,
24 ThoiSu,
123,
Caltech news,
Impact,
Fugle og Natur,
Anthropology.net,
Complexity Digest,
The Telegraph (Calcutta, India),
Softpedia News,
Erkenntnisse des Neuromarketing,
CBC "As It Happens" (RealAudio)
Loh Down on Science Radio Show script
and the
RealAudio clip
]
- Changizi MA, Zhang Q, Ye H & Shimojo S (2006)
The structures of letters and symbols throughout human history are selected
to match those found in objects in natural scenes.
The American Naturalist 167: E117-E139.
[ PDF reprint,
May 2006 Featured Article ]
[ News stories (and related):
Daily Telegraph,
USA Today,
Newsweek (print and online),
NRC Handelsblad,
Australian Broadcasting Company,
Mokslo Lietuva,
Live Science,
Columbia Tribune,
Softpedia News,
Suddeutsche Zeitung,
De Morgen,
Svoboda News,
USA Today Tech Space,
Netinfo.bg Bulgaria,
Internet Haber,
Nikolaev,
Engineering and Science Magazine,
Caltech News
EurekAlert,
CURJ
]
- Changizi MA & He D (2005)
Four correlates of complex behavioral networks: differentiation,
behavior, connectivity and compartmentalization.
Complexity 10: 13-40.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ News stories:
Complexity Digest
]
- Changizi MA & Shimojo S (2005)
Parcellation and area-area connectivity as a function of neocortex size.
Brain, Behavior and Evolution 66: 88-98.
[ PDF reprint ]
- Changizi MA & Shimojo S (2005)
Character complexity and redundancy in writing systems over
human history.
Proc Roy Soc Lond B 272: 267-275.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ News stories:
New Scientist,
Natural History Magazine,
Spiegel,
Jay Ingram (of Discovery Channel),
Bild der Wissenschaft (roughly a German "Scientific American"),
Wissenschaft-online,
ORF,
Arzte Zeitung,
San Diego Union-Tribune,
GEO,
Net Hirlap,
Asahi Shimbun ]
- Changizi MA (2003)
The relationship between number of muscles,
behavioral repertoire size, and encephalization in mammals.
Journal of Theoretical Biology 220: 157-168.
[ PDF reprint]
[see also book Chapter 1, Section 2 ]
- McShea D & Changizi MA (2003)
Three puzzles in hierarchical evolution.
Integrative and Comparative Biology 43: 74-81.
[ Winzipped PDF reprint ]
- Changizi MA, McDannald MA & Widders D (2002)
Scaling of differentiation in networks: Nervous systems,
organisms, ant colonies, ecosystems, businesses, universities,
cities, electronic circuits, and Legos.
Journal of Theoretical Biology 218: 215-237.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also book Chapter 1, Section 2 ]
- Changizi MA & Widders D (2002)
Latency correction explains the classical geometrical illusions.
Perception 31: 1241-1262.
[ Winzipped PDF reprint ]
[ see also book Chapter 2 ]
[ News stories:
Gehirn & Geist ]
- Changizi MA, McGehee RMF & Hall WG (2002)
Evidence that appetitive responses for dehydration
and food-deprivation are learned.
Physiology and Behavior 75: 295-304.
[ PDF reprint ]
- Changizi MA & Hall WG (2001)
Thirst modulates a perception.
Perception 30: 1489-1497.
[ Winzipped PDF reprint ]
[ News stories:
Trends in Cognitive Sciences,
The Psychologist,
Science Magazine ]
- Changizi MA (2001)
'Perceiving the present' as a framework for ecological explanations
of the misperception of projected angle and angular size.
Perception 30: 195-208.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also book Chapter 2 ]
[ News stories:
Gehirn & Geist ]
- Changizi MA (2001)
Principles underlying mammalian neocortical scaling.
Biological Cybernetics 84: 207-215.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also book Chapter 1, Section 1 ]
- Changizi MA (2001)
Universal laws for hierarchical systems.
Comments on Theoretical Biology 6: 25-75.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also book Chapter 1, Section 2 ]
- Changizi MA (2001)
Universal scaling laws for hierarchical complexity in
languages, organisms, behaviors and other combinatorial
systems.
Journal of Theoretical Biology 211: 277-295.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also book Chapter 1, Section 2 ]
- Changizi MA (2001)
The economy of the shape of limbed animals.
Biological Cybernetics 84: 23-29.
[ Winzipped PDF reprint ]
[ DEMO ]
[ see also book Chapter 1, Section 3 ]
[ News stories (and related):
Tubitak Bilim ve Teknik ,
Science.ca ]
- Changizi MA & Cherniak C (2000)
Modeling the large-scale geometry of human coronary arteries.
Canadian J. of Physiol. and Pharmacol.
78: 603-611.
[ PDF reprint ]
- Cherniak C, Changizi MA & Kang D (1999)
Large-scale optimization of neuron arbors.
Physical Review E 59: 6001-6009.
[ PDF reprint ]
- Changizi MA (1999)
Vagueness, rationality and undecidability: A theory of why
there is vagueness.
Synthese 120: 345-374.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also book Chapter 4 ]
- Changizi MA (1999)
Vagueness and computation.
Acta Analytica 14: 39-45.
- Changizi MA & Barber T (1998)
A paradigm-based solution to the riddle of induction.
Synthese 117: 419-484.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also book Chapter 3 ]
- Changizi MA (1997)
Learning with natural imprecision.
Int. J. of Foundations of Computer Science 8: 409-424.
[ PDF reprint ]
- Changizi MA (1996)
Function identification from noisy data with recursive error bounds.
Erkenntnis 45: 91-102.
- Changizi MA (1996)
Self-monitoring machines and an w^w-hierarchy of loops.
Information and Computation 128: 127-138.
[ PDF reprint ]
CONTRIBUTED CHAPTERS
- Changizi MA & Shimojo S (2008)
Social color vision.
In R. B. Adams, Jr., N. Ambady, K. Nakayama & S. Shimojo (Eds.)
The Science of Social Vision. New York, Oxford U. Press.
- Shimojo S & Changizi MA (2008)
Influence of gaze behavior on preference.
In R. B. Adams, Jr., N. Ambady, K. Nakayama & S. Shimojo (Eds.)
The Science of Social Vision. New York, Oxford U. Press.
- Changizi MA, Hsieh A, Nijhawan R, Kanai R & Shimojo S (2007)
Perceiving-the-present and a unified theory of illusions.
In R. Nijhawan & B. Khurana (Eds.),
Problems of Space and Time in Perception and Action. Cambridge, Cambridge U. Press.
- Changizi MA (2007)
Brain scaling laws.
In Squire LR (ed.) New Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Oxford, Elsevier.
[ PDF preprint ]
- Changizi MA (2007)
Scaling the brain and its connections.
In Kaas JH (ed.) Evolution of Nervous Systems. Oxford, Elsevier.
[ PDF preprint ]
BOOK REVIEWS and COMMENTARIES
- Changizi MA (2008)
The trade-off between speed and complexity.
Invited commentary on Nijhawan R,
Visual Prediction: Psychophysics and neurophysiology of compensation for time delays.
Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
[ PDF reprint ]
- Changizi MA (2003)
The politically correct monkey.
A review of Ian Tattersall (2002) The Monkey in the Mirror,
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Heredity 90: 278.
[ PDF reprint ]
- Changizi MA (2003)
Mathematica's first academic monograph.
A review of Stephen Wolfram (2002) A New Kind of Science,
Wolfram Media, Champaigne, IL.
Complexity 8(2): 63-65.
[ PDF reprint ]
- Changizi MA (2002)
The intricate process of implication.
A review of Mark C. Taylor (2001) The Moment of Complexity,
The University of Chicago Press.
Complexity 7(3): 17-18.
[ PDF reprint ]
|
PRESS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
-
My research generally:
Scientific American (an interview).
THE VISION REVOLUTION (pre-release):
The New York Times,
Scientific American (an interview).
Turning your visual system into a programmable computer:
Wired.com,
Science Daily,
DailyTech,
ScienceAGoGo,
Tendencias,
NEWS.XMNN,
CNews,
KopalniaWiedzy,
Dr. Dobb's,
Technology Research News Magazine
Perceiving-the-present theory of illusions:
The New York Times,
Spiegel,
Scientific American,
FOX News Channel (live television interview),
Albany's Channel 10 News (television interview),
Live Science
(picked up in Yahoo News, MSNBC, Fox News, and worldwide),
Scientific American Mind,
Sync (Dutch),
Lufthansa Exclusive,
RPI News,
Caltech News,
Newsland (Russian),
Science Daily,
Times of India,
MSN India,
Technocrat,
Tarakosh Josh!,
Lawrence Journal-World,
TechRevu,
DVICE,
Technovelgy
Dictionaries for the brain:
Scientific American,
Tendencias (Spain),
RPI News,
Red Orbit,
New Kerala,
United Press International
-
Thirst modulates perception:
Science Magazine
Letters and other visual signs look like nature:
Columbia Tribune
Color evolved for seeing blushing, blanching, etc.:
GEO Magazine,
Science Magazine,
Daily Telegraph (Santa),
Nikkei Science
-
Evolution of writing systems:
Asahi Shimbun
Number-of-limbs discovery:
Tubitak Bilim ve Teknik
Letters and other visual signs look like nature :
Daily Telegraph,
USA Today,
Newsweek (print and online),
NRC Handelsblad,
Australian Broadcasting Company,
Mokslo Lietuva,
Live Science,
Softpedia News,
Suddeutsche Zeitung,
De Morgen,
Svoboda News,
USA Today Tech Space,
Netinfo.bg Bulgaria,
Internet Haber,
Nikolaev,
Engineering and Science Magazine,
Caltech News,
EurekAlert,
CURJ
Color evolved for seeing blushing, blanching, etc. :
Reuters,
New Scientist,
Financial Times,
Scientific American,
Discover Magazine,
Bild der Wissenschaft (roughly a German Scientific American),
ABC News,
American Scientist,
Time Magazine,
Daily Telegraph,
Pasadena Star News,
The Times of London,
BBC Wildlife Magazine,
Bluesci (Cambridge Science Magazine),
Rhein Zeitung,
Ingenioren,
Der Standard,
Die Presse,
Ego-Net,
3SAT,
Die Welt,
Kagaku (Japanese scientific magazine),
Iran Daily,
Arkadas,
Asahi Shimbun,
CBC News,
The Independent (London),
Best Friends Magazine,
Ceske Novinky,
CNet,
24 ThoiSu,
123,
Caltech news,
Impact,
Fugle og Natur,
Anthropology.net,
Complexity Digest,
The Telegraph (Calcutta, India),
Softpedia News,
Erkenntnisse des Neuromarketing,
CBC "As It Happens" (RealAudio),
Loh Down on Science Radio Show script
-
Unified framework for scaling in complex behavioral networks:
Complexity Digest
Perceiving-the-present theory of illusions:
Gehirn & Geist
Evolution of writing systems:
New Scientist,
Natural History Magazine,
Spiegel,
Jay Ingram (from Discovery Channel),
Wissenschaft,
Wissenschaft-Online,
ORF,
Arzte Zeitung,
San Diego Union-Tribune,
GEO,
Net Hirlap
-
My first book, The Brain from 25000 Feet:
A review in Synthese by Dan Ryder
Number-of-limbs discovery :
Science.ca (popular Canadian science web site)
-
Thirst modulates perception:
Trends in Cognitive Sciences,
The Psychologist
|
TALKS
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
- Harnessing the visual brain.
   
Meeting of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Atlanta, GA, 8/08.
- The structures of letters and symbols throughout human history are selected to match those found in objects in natural scenes,
   
Vision Science Society, invited speaker, Naples, FL, 5/08.
- What's binocular vision for, anyway?,
   
Center for Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology, Albany Medical Center, 3/08.
- What's binocular vision for, anyway?,
   
Cognitive Science Colloquium, University of Connecticut, 11/07.
- What's binocular vision for, anyway?,
   
Advanced Imaging Center, Albany Medical Center, 11/07.
- Big mammalian brain recipes,
   
Department of Cognitive Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 9/07.
- Seeing the forest through the trees: X-ray vision and the evolution of forward facing eyes,
   
Department of Cognitive Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2/07.
- Seeing the forest through the trees: X-ray vision and the evolution of forward facing eyes,
   
Department of Psychology, UCLA, 12/06.
- Big mammalian brain recipes,
   
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA, 11/06.
- Letters from nature,
   
Center for Behavior, Evolution and Culture, Department of Anthropology, UCLA, 10/06.
- Big mammalian brain recipes,
   
Neurology Grand Rounds, UCLA, 10/06.
- Visual linguistics,
   
Microsoft Typography Group, Redmond, WA, 6/06.
- Big brains,
   
Psychology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, 2/06.
- Visual linguistics, and Why letters are shaped the way they are,
   
Psychology Department, Franklin and Marshall College, 2/06.
- Why we see illusions, and why we see in color,
   
Psychology Department, Franklin and Marshall College, 2/06.
- Visual linguistics, and Why letters are shaped the way they are,
   
Cognitive Science Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2/06.
- Visual linguistics, and Why letters are shaped the way they are,
   
Department of Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, Brown University, 2/06.
- Visual linguistics, and Why letters are shaped the way they are,
   
Seaver Foundation Program in Bioinformatics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 2/06.
- Visual linguistics, and Why letters are shaped the way they are,
   
Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, 1/06.
-
Color, blood, skin and emotion: A general functional theory of color vision,
   
Shimojo Implicit Brain Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology Seminar,
Japan Science and Technology Agency, 6/05.
- Big brains, and analogies with other complex networks,
   
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 3/05.
- Why letters are shaped the way they are,
   
Department of Cognitive Science, UC Irvine, 1/05.
- Natural scene statistics and the structure of visual signs over human history,
   
Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Brain Theory Program, UC Santa Barbara 9/04.
- The structures of letters throughout human history are selected to match those found in
objects in natural scenes,
   
Sloan-Swartz Theoretical Neurobiology Meeting, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 7/04.
- Complexity and redundancy of writing systems over human history,
   
Perona Laboratory, Caltech, 5/04.
- Principles of connectivity and parcellation in neocortex and other networks,
   
Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, 5/04.
- Principles of connectivity and parcellation in neocortex and other networks,
   
Buszaki Laboratory, Rutgers, 5/04.
- How to (and not to) recognize the intelligent brains without seeing the behaviors,
   
Astrobiology Science Conference [invited by SETI to speak at the
session on Evolution of Intelligence], NASA Ames Research Center, 3/04.
- Complexity and redundancy of writing systems over human history,
   
Complexity Club, Caltech, 3/04.
- Principles of connectivity and parcellation in the neocortex and
other networks,
   
School of Informatics, Indiana University, 2/04.
- Perceiving-the-present, a unifying framework for visual perception,
   
Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, Caltech, 1/04.
- Principles of connectivity and parcellation in neocortex.
   
Sloan-Swartz Theoretical Neurobiology Meeting, Salk Institute, 7/03.
- Perceiving the present explains more than 50 illusion classes,
   
Computational Neurobiology Lab, Salk Institute, 7/03.
- A general framework for complex networks,
   
Complexity Club, Caltech, 7/03.
- Perceiving the present, and a general ecological theory of illusions of
projected size, projected speed, luminance contrast, and distance,
   
Koch Laboratory, Caltech, 3/03.
- The principles shaping the neocortex, and comparison to other networks,
   
Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, Caltech, 3/03.
- The scarcity of universal languages in nature,
and How to carve networks at their joints,
   
Complexity Club, Caltech, 2/03.
- Latency correction explains the classical
geometrical illusions,
   
Perona Laboratory, Caltech, 11/02.
- Scaling of differentiation in networks,
and an explanation for species-area plots,
   
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 7/02.
- Scaling of differentiation in networks,
   
Lewis-Sigler Institute, Princeton University, 4/02.
- Why we see the classical illusions,
   
Departments of Mathematics and Biology, University of Massachusetts at Boston, 2/02.
- Why we see the classical illusions,
   
Bryn Mawr College, 1/02.
- Latency correction explains the classical geometrical illusions,
   
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 3/01.
- Universal scaling laws in languages, organisms, behaviors and other combinatorial systems,
   
Department of History and Philosophy and Science, Indiana University, 3/01.
- Latency correction explains the classical geometrical illusions,
   
Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, 3/01
- Universal scaling laws in combinatorial sytems,
   
Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, 1/01.
- Evolution of component-type, function and behavioral complexity,
   
Department of Psychology, Duke University, 10/00.
- Perceiving the present,
   
Department of Psychology, Duke University, 9/00.
- The network diameter of the neocortex,
   
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 5/00.
- VLSI animals: How animals save wire from head to toe,
   
Department of Zoology, Duke University, 1/00.
- Principles underlying mammalian neocortical scaling,
   
Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, 9/99.
- Towards a new logic and semantics for natural language,
   
International Conference on Formal Methods, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland, 7/98.
- Vagueness and computation,
   
Conference on Vagueness, Bled, Slovenia, 6/98.
- The Eureka phenomenon as a consequence of being finite,
   
Department of Computer Science, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland, 2/98.
- Vagueness and undecidability,
   
Department of Computer Science, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland, 2/97.
- Prior probabilities and the rule of succession,
   
Recursion Theory Seminar, University of Maryland, 9/96.
- The paradigm of impossibility,
   
Graduate Philosophy Colloquium, University of Maryland, 2/96.
- Fuzziness in classical two-valued logic,
   
The Joint Conference of ISUMA/NAFIPS, University of Maryland, 9/95.
- Undecidability of analyticity in natural language,
   
Graduate Philosophy Colloquium, University of Maryland, 3/95.
- Vagueness and undecidability,
   
Cognitive Science Colloquium, University of Virginia, 2/94.
- Proving Occam's razor,
   
Inductive Inference Seminar, University of Maryland, 4/93.
- The ultimate epistemic constraints on prediction,
   
Society of Physics Students, University of Virginia, 3/91.
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