Bill Benzon, author of
Beethoven's Anvil,
on the
trouble with academia, and me:
"Mark Changizi...one of the most brilliant and creative psychologists of his generation"
Ireland Radio's Jonathan McCrea
interviews me about VisRev (40:30 in).
Great review of VR in
The Psychologist
(pay wall)
by Mind Hacks author Tom Stafford:
"...unusual in the range and quality of his ideas, and the
clarity and humour with which he can lay them out."
And great review of VR in
Quarterly Review of Biology
(pay wall)
by Adrian G. Dyer: " ...interesting and challenging new theories."
Podcast interview at
ScriptPhD, and a guest piece on non-genius.
PhD. Applied Mathematics, University of Maryland, USA, 1997.
Computer Science Advisors: Dr. Carl Smith, Dr. William Gasarch. Philosophy Advisors: Dr. Christopher Cherniak, Dr. Frederick Suppe. Neuroscience Advisor: Dr. Christopher Cherniak.
B.S. Physics, Mathematics, University of Virginia, USA, 1991.
High School Diploma. Thomas Jefferson H. S. for Science and Technology, USA, 1987.
EMPLOYMENT Post-PhD
Professor of Human Cognition,
2AI: Institute for the study of human and machine cognition, 2010- .
Assistant Professor,
Cognitive Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2007-2010.
Sloan-Swartz Fellow,
Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, Caltech, 2002-2006.
Postdoctoral Fellow, Psychological and Brain
Sciences, Duke University, 2000-2002.
Neuroscience Consultant, Schafer Biotechnology,
Arlington, VA, 1998-1999.
Visiting Assistant Professor,
Computer Science, University College Cork, Ireland, 1997-1998.
Pre-PhD
Neuroanatomy Research Assistant, University
of Maryland, 1993-1997.
Lecturer, Department of Mathematics, University of
Maryland, 1995-1997.
Laboratory Lecturer, Department of Physics, George
Mason University, 1992-1995.
Lecturer, Department of Philosophy, University of
Maryland, Summer 1994.
Teaching Assistant, Department of Philosophy, University
of Maryland, Fall 1993.
Lab Assistant, Image Recognition Laboratory,
University of Maryland, Fall 1992.
Undergrad Lab Assistant, Stanford Linear Accelerator,
University of Virginia, Spring 1992.
Undergrad Lab Assistant, Cosmic Ray Physics, University
of Utah, Summer 1991.
Changizi MA (2003) THE BRAIN FROM 25,000 FEET: High Level Explorations of
Brain Complexity, Perception, Induction and Vagueness (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht).
Description,
Buy the book at Amazon,
Table of contents (pdf),
[Chapter 1: Scaling in Nervous Networks],
[Chapter 2: Inevitability of Illusions],
[Chapter 3: Induction and Innateness],
[Chapter 4: Vagueness and Consequences of a Finite Brain],
A review in Synthese by Dan Ryder.
Changizi MA & Shimojo S (2009)
Response to H.C. Howland, "Orbital orientation is not visual orientation."
Journal of Theoretical Biology 257: 524-525.
[ PDF reprint ]
Changizi MA (2008)
The trade-off between speed and complexity.
Commentary on Nijhawan R,
Visual Prediction: Psychophysics and neurophysiology of compensation for time delays. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31: 203.
[ PDF reprint ]
Changizi MA (2006)
The optimal human ventral stream from estimates of the complexity of visual objects.
Biological Cybernetics 94: 415-426.
[ PDF reprint ]
Changizi MA & He D (2005)
Four correlates of complex behavioral networks: differentiation,
behavior, connectivity and compartmentalization.
Complexity 10: 13-40.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ News stories:
Complexity Digest]
Changizi MA & Shimojo S (2005)
Parcellation and area-area connectivity as a function of neocortex size.
Brain, Behavior and Evolution 66: 88-98.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ News stories:
Live Science. ]
Changizi MA (2003)
The relationship between number of muscles,
behavioral repertoire size, and encephalization in mammals. Journal of Theoretical Biology 220: 157-168.
[ PDF reprint]
[ see also Chapter 1, Section 2, of my first book
25k ]
McShea D & Changizi MA (2003)
Three puzzles in hierarchical evolution. Integrative and Comparative Biology 43: 74-81.
[ Winzipped PDF reprint ]
Changizi MA, McDannald MA & Widders D (2002)
Scaling of differentiation in networks: Nervous systems,
organisms, ant colonies, ecosystems, businesses, universities,
cities, electronic circuits, and Legos. Journal of Theoretical Biology 218: 215-237.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also Chapter 1, Section 2, of my first book
25k ]
[ News stories:
WIREDTelegraphDiscover ]
Changizi MA & Widders D (2002)
Latency correction explains the classical geometrical illusions. Perception 31: 1241-1262.
[ Winzipped PDF reprint ]
[ see also Chapter 2 of my first book
25k ]
[ News stories:
Gehirn & Geist]
Changizi MA, McGehee RMF & Hall WG (2002)
Evidence that appetitive responses for dehydration
and food-deprivation are learned. Physiology and Behavior 75: 295-304.
[ PDF reprint ]
Changizi MA (2001)
'Perceiving the present' as a framework for ecological explanations
of the misperception of projected angle and angular size. Perception 30: 195-208.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also Chapter 2 of my first book
25k ]
[ News stories:
Gehirn & Geist]
Changizi MA (2001)
Principles underlying mammalian neocortical scaling. Biological Cybernetics 84: 207-215.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also Chapter 1, Section 1, of my first book
25k ]
Changizi MA (2001)
Universal laws for hierarchical systems. Comments on Theoretical Biology 6: 25-75.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also Chapter 1, Section 2, of my first book
25k ]
Changizi MA (2001)
Universal scaling laws for hierarchical complexity in
languages, organisms, behaviors and other combinatorial
systems. Journal of Theoretical Biology 211: 277-295.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also Chapter 1, Section 2, of my first book
25k ]
Changizi MA (2001)
The economy of the shape of limbed animals. Biological Cybernetics 84: 23-29.
[ Winzipped PDF reprint ]
[ DEMO ]
[ see also Chapter 1, Section 3, of my first book
25k ]
[ News stories (and related):
Tubitak Bilim ve Teknik ,Science.ca ]
Changizi MA & Cherniak C (2000)
Modeling the large-scale geometry of human coronary arteries. Canadian J. of Physiol. and Pharmacol.
78: 603-611.
[ PDF reprint ]
Cherniak C, Changizi MA & Kang D (1999)
Large-scale optimization of neuron arbors. Physical Review E 59: 6001-6009.
[ PDF reprint ]
Changizi MA (1999)
Vagueness, rationality and undecidability: A theory of why
there is vagueness. Synthese 120: 345-374.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also Chapter 4 of my first book
25k ]
Changizi MA (1999)
Vagueness and computation. Acta Analytica 14: 39-45.
Changizi MA & Barber T (1998)
A paradigm-based solution to the riddle of induction. Synthese 117: 419-484.
[ PDF reprint ]
[ see also Chapter 3 of my first book
25k ]
Changizi MA (1997)
Learning with natural imprecision. Int. J. of Foundations of Computer Science 8: 409-424.
[ PDF reprint ]
Changizi MA (1996)
Function identification from noisy data with recursive error bounds. Erkenntnis 45: 91-102.
Changizi MA (1996)
Self-monitoring machines and an w^w-hierarchy of loops. Information and Computation 128: 127-138.
[ PDF reprint ]
CONTRIBUTED CHAPTERS
Changizi MA & Shimojo S (2008)
Social color vision.
In R. B. Adams, Jr., N. Ambady, K. Nakayama & S. Shimojo (Eds.)
The Science of Social Vision. New York, Oxford U. Press.
Shimojo S & Changizi MA (2008)
Influence of gaze behavior on preference.
In R. B. Adams, Jr., N. Ambady, K. Nakayama & S. Shimojo (Eds.)
The Science of Social Vision. New York, Oxford U. Press.
Changizi MA, Hsieh A, Nijhawan R, Kanai R & Shimojo S (2007)
Perceiving-the-present and a unified theory of illusions.
In R. Nijhawan & B. Khurana (Eds.),
Problems of Space and Time in Perception and Action. Cambridge, Cambridge U. Press.
Changizi MA (2009)
Brain scaling laws.
In Squire LR (ed.) New Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. Oxford, Academic Press.
[ PDF reprint ]
Changizi MA (2007)
Scaling the brain and its connections.
In Kaas JH (ed.) Evolution of Nervous Systems. Oxford, Elsevier.
[ PDF reprint ]
BOOK REVIEWS, HIGHLIGHTS and SELECT MAGAZINE PIECES
Changizi MA (March, 2011)
Masters of Distraction. Review of Cathy Davidson, Now You See It.
Wall Street Journal
[ link ]
Changizi MA (March, 2011)
No, children really are our future.
Wired
[ link ]
Changizi MA (Feb, 2011)
Human, version 3.0
Seed Magazine
[ link ]
Changizi MA (Jan, 2011)
The Web is Not a Gadget
Seed Magazine
[ link ]
Changizi MA (Dec, 2010)
What is it like to be Oliver Sacks?
New Scientist
[ link ]
Changizi MA (Sept, 2010)
Where Does Music Come From?
The Atlantic
[ link ]
Changizi MA (Sept, 2010)
I'm Not Only the Red Club President, I'm a Client
PLOS Blogs
[ link ]
Changizi MA (Sept, 2009)
Why Does Music Make Us Feel?
Scientific American
[ link ]
Changizi MA (2010)
Neuroscientist's embarrassment: Artifical Intelligence's opportunity.
Brain, Behavior and Evolution 75: 85
[ PDF reprint ]
Changizi MA (2009)
A review of Melanie Mitchell (2009) Complexity: A Guided Tour,
Oxford University Press, Oxford. The Quarterly Review of Biology.
[ not available ]
Changizi MA (2003)
The politically correct monkey.
A review of Ian Tattersall (2002) The Monkey in the Mirror,
Oxford University Press, Oxford. Heredity 90: 278.
[ PDF reprint ]
Changizi MA (2003)
Mathematica's first academic monograph.
A review of Stephen Wolfram (2002) A New Kind of Science,
Wolfram Media, Champaigne, IL. Complexity 8(2): 63-65.
[ PDF reprint ]
Changizi MA (2002)
The intricate process of implication.
A review of Mark C. Taylor (2001) The Moment of Complexity,
The University of Chicago Press. Complexity 7(3): 17-18.
[ PDF reprint ]
GRANTS
2008. The Class of 1951 Outstanding Teaching Development Grant . Topic: Visual circuits: A novel notation system for undergraduate education of digital circuits and propositional logic. Amount: Partial summer salary, student funds and miscellaneous expenses.
2004-2007. NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research
Service Award (NRSA) Postdoctoral Fellowship. Topic: Perceiving-the-present: A general theory of illusions. Amount: Three year grant, funding full salary and miscellaneous expenses. [1 F32 EY015370-01]
2002-2004. Sloan-Swartz Fellowship. Topic: Theoretical neurobiology. Amount: Two year grant, funding partial salary and miscellaneous expenses.
Letters and other visual signs look like nature:
The Atlantic,
Sciam,
Barnes and Noble review,
NY Times (discussed in review of Dehaene's book: "most interesting"),
WSJ (discussed in review of Dehaene's book).
Vision rEvolution
Invited Speaker, Museum of the Image, Amsterdam, NL, 12/2011.
Vision Revolution
Keynote Speaker, Harold A. Stein Lecture, JCAHPO, Orlando, FL, 10/2011.
Harnessed: The Nature in Language and Music
Neurohumanities Talk Series, Duke University, 9/2011.
Harnessed
Lucid NYC, NYC, 9/2011.
Harnessed
SciFoo, GooglePlex, 8/2011.
Harnessed, and Vision Revolution
Invited Speaker, NY Hall of Science, NY, NY, 8/2011.
How to Harness an Ape Brain for Art
Keynote Speaker, Faculty Conference, Savannah College of Art and Design, Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 3/2011.
How to Harness an Ape Brain for Art
Keynote Speaker, Faculty Conference, Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah, GA, 3/2011.
The Vision Revolution
Invited Speaker, Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah, GA, 3/2011.
The Evolution of Color, Illusions, Forward-Facing Eyes and Writing for Humans...and Aliens
Banquet Speaker, Human Vision and Electronic Imaging (SPIE), San Franciscio, CA, 1/2011.
Differentiation and Compartmentalization in Villages.
Mini-Symposium on Cognitive Social Networks, RPI, 4/2010
Nature-Harnessing.
NEEPS, 3/2010
The Vision Revolution.
BSU, 3/2010
Panel Discussion with Chris Salter.
EMPAC, RPI, 3/2010
Harnessed: How to Transform Ape to Man.
Skidmore College, 2/2010
The Vision Revolution.
Designers Lighting Forum of New York, NYC, 1/2010
Alien Vision Revolution.
Department of Vision Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 11/09.
Vision, Aliens and Evolution.
Celebration for the 150th anniversary of The Origins of Species,
Secular Student Alliance, RPI, NY, 11/09.
Alien Vision Revolution.
Department of Psychology, SUNY Albany, NY, 11/09.
Alien Vision Revolution.
Counselors to American Small Business (SCORE), Albany, NY, 10/09.
Alien Vision Revolution.
Albany Area Amateur Astronomers, Schenectady, NY, 10/09.
How to harness an ape brain for language.
Invited Speaker, MURI Kick-Off for Unified Theories of Language and Cognition, RPI, 7/09.
The look and sound of nature in language and music.
Keynote Address, International Conference on Iconicity, Toronto, Canada, 6/09.
The illusory present
Keynote Speaker, University in High School program, Greenwich Central School, Greenwich, NY, 6/09.
Nature, physics and the origins of language
Albany Region Neuroscience Chapter, Albany Medical College, NY, 5/09.
How to co-opt an ape brain for language and art
Invited Speaker, 9th Annual Colloquium on Cognition and Learning, Experimental
Media and Performing Arts Center (EMPAC), RPI, 5/09.
Evolution and visual displays
Sharp Labs, Camas, WA, 5/09.
Advolution: Evolution of advertising
Palio Communications, Saratoga Springs NY, 2/09.
Visual Computation
RPI Association for Computing Machinery, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, 2/09.
Verbose, unfocused, crazy, aloof, uppity, and lazy: My keys to success. In the context of Why we have forward-facing eyes
"Behind the Science", Sigma Phi Epsilon, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, NY, 9/08.
Harnessing the visual brain.
Meeting of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Atlanta, GA, 8/08.
The structures of letters and symbols throughout human history are selected to match those found in objects in natural scenes,
Invited Speaker, Vision Science Society, Naples, FL, 5/08.
What's binocular vision for, anyway?,
Center for Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology, Albany Medical Center, 3/08.
What's binocular vision for, anyway?,
Cognitive Science Colloquium, University of Connecticut, 11/07.
What's binocular vision for, anyway?,
Advanced Imaging Center, Albany Medical Center, 11/07.
Big mammalian brain recipes,
Department of Cognitive Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 9/07.
Seeing the forest through the trees: X-ray vision and the evolution of forward facing eyes,
Department of Cognitive Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2/07.
Seeing the forest through the trees: X-ray vision and the evolution of forward facing eyes,
Department of Psychology, UCLA, 12/06.
Big mammalian brain recipes,
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA, 11/06.
Letters from nature,
Center for Behavior, Evolution and Culture, Department of Anthropology, UCLA, 10/06.
Big mammalian brain recipes,
Neurology Grand Rounds, UCLA, 10/06.
Visual linguistics,
Microsoft Typography Group, Redmond, WA, 6/06.
Big brains,
Psychology Department, University of Nevada, Reno, 2/06.
Visual linguistics, and Why letters are shaped the way they are,
Psychology Department, Franklin and Marshall College, 2/06.
Why we see illusions, and why we see in color,
Psychology Department, Franklin and Marshall College, 2/06.
Visual linguistics, and Why letters are shaped the way they are,
Cognitive Science Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 2/06.
Visual linguistics, and Why letters are shaped the way they are,
Department of Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, Brown University, 2/06.
Visual linguistics, and Why letters are shaped the way they are,
Seaver Foundation Program in Bioinformatics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 2/06.
Visual linguistics, and Why letters are shaped the way they are,
Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, 1/06.
Color, blood, skin and emotion: A general functional theory of color vision,
Shimojo Implicit Brain Project, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology Seminar,
Japan Science and Technology Agency, 6/05.
Big brains, and analogies with other complex networks,
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 3/05.
Why letters are shaped the way they are,
Department of Cognitive Science, UC Irvine, 1/05.
Natural scene statistics and the structure of visual signs over human history,
Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, Brain Theory Program, UC Santa Barbara 9/04.
The structures of letters throughout human history are selected to match those found in
objects in natural scenes,
Sloan-Swartz Theoretical Neurobiology Meeting, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 7/04.
Complexity and redundancy of writing systems over human history,
Perona Laboratory, Caltech, 5/04.
Principles of connectivity and parcellation in neocortex and other networks,
Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, 5/04.
Principles of connectivity and parcellation in neocortex and other networks,
Buszaki Laboratory, Rutgers, 5/04.
How to (and not to) recognize the intelligent brains without seeing the behaviors,
Astrobiology Science Conference [invited by SETI to speak at the
session on Evolution of Intelligence], NASA Ames Research Center, 3/04.
Complexity and redundancy of writing systems over human history,
Complexity Club, Caltech, 3/04.
Principles of connectivity and parcellation in the neocortex and
other networks,
School of Informatics, Indiana University, 2/04.
Perceiving-the-present, a unifying framework for visual perception,
Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, Caltech, 1/04.
Principles of connectivity and parcellation in neocortex.
Sloan-Swartz Theoretical Neurobiology Meeting, Salk Institute, 7/03.
Perceiving the present explains more than 50 illusion classes,
Computational Neurobiology Lab, Salk Institute, 7/03.
A general framework for complex networks,
Complexity Club, Caltech, 7/03.
Perceiving the present, and a general ecological theory of illusions of
projected size, projected speed, luminance contrast, and distance,
Koch Laboratory, Caltech, 3/03.
The principles shaping the neocortex, and comparison to other networks,
Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, Caltech, 3/03.
The scarcity of universal languages in nature,
and How to carve networks at their joints,
Complexity Club, Caltech, 2/03.
Scaling of differentiation in networks,
and an explanation for species-area plots,
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 7/02.
Scaling of differentiation in networks,
Lewis-Sigler Institute, Princeton University, 4/02.
Why we see the classical illusions,
Departments of Mathematics and Biology, University of Massachusetts at Boston, 2/02.
Why we see the classical illusions,
Bryn Mawr College, 1/02.
Latency correction explains the classical geometrical illusions,
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 3/01.
Universal scaling laws in languages, organisms, behaviors and other combinatorial systems,
Department of History and Philosophy and Science, Indiana University, 3/01.
Universal scaling laws in combinatorial sytems,
Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, 1/01.
Evolution of component-type, function and behavioral complexity,
Department of Psychology, Duke University, 10/00.
Perceiving the present,
Department of Psychology, Duke University, 9/00.
The network diameter of the neocortex,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 5/00.
VLSI animals: How animals save wire from head to toe,
Department of Zoology, Duke University, 1/00.
Principles underlying mammalian neocortical scaling,
Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, 9/99.
Towards a new logic and semantics for natural language,
International Conference on Formal Methods, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland, 7/98.
Vagueness and computation,
Conference on Vagueness, Bled, Slovenia, 6/98.
The Eureka phenomenon as a consequence of being finite,
Department of Computer Science, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland, 2/98.
Vagueness and undecidability,
Department of Computer Science, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland, 2/97.
Prior probabilities and the rule of succession,
Recursion Theory Seminar, University of Maryland, 9/96.
The paradigm of impossibility,
Graduate Philosophy Colloquium, University of Maryland, 2/96.
Fuzziness in classical two-valued logic,
The Joint Conference of ISUMA/NAFIPS, University of Maryland, 9/95.
Undecidability of analyticity in natural language,
Graduate Philosophy Colloquium, University of Maryland, 3/95.
Vagueness and undecidability,
Cognitive Science Colloquium, University of Virginia, 2/94.
Proving Occam's razor,
Inductive Inference Seminar, University of Maryland, 4/93.
The ultimate epistemic constraints on prediction,
Society of Physics Students, University of Virginia, 3/91.
COURSES TAUGHT
Origins of Music
Department of Cognitive Science,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Fall 2009.
Nature, Brain and Culture,
Department of Cognitive Science,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Spring 2009.
Behavioral Neuroscience,
Department of Cognitive Science,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Spring 2009.
Evolution of Primate Cognition,
Department of Cognitive Science,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Fall 2008.
Cognitive Science of Art,
Department of Cognitive Science,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Spring 2008.
Behavioral Neuroscience,
Department of Cognitive Science,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Spring 2008.
Cognitive Science Pro-Seminar,
Department of Cognitive Science,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Fall 2007.
Behavioral Neuroscience,
Department of Cognitive Science,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Fall 2007.
Theoretical Neuroscience,
Department of Cognitive Science,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Spring 2007.
Methods in Behavioral Neuroscience,
Department of Experimental Psychology,
Duke University, 2000-2002.
Introduction to Computer Science I and II,
Department of Computer Science,
University College Cork, Ireland, 1997-1998.
Teaching Assistant for Calculus I and II,
Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland,
1996-1997.
Geometry and Statistics I and II for Education Majors,
Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland,
1995-1997.
Laboratory for Introductory Physics I and II,
Department of Physics, George Mason University, 1992-1995.
Laboratory for Introductory Astronomy I and II,
Department of Physics, George Mason University, 1992-1995.
Logic,
Department of Philosophy, University of Maryland, Summer 1994.
Teaching Assistant for Philosophy and Computation,
Department of Philosophy, University of Maryland, Fall 1993.
SPONSORSHIP
My research aims to grasp the ultimate foundations underlying
why we think and see as we do. Questions I have addressed include:
What is color vision for? Why do we see illusions? How did we come to
have language and writing? And, Why is our brain organized as it is?
Individuals interested
in seeing more of this fundamental kind of research can become a
sponsor. Contact me.
Why fingers and feet wrinkle when wet.
Speech and music have culturally evolved to sound like natural and human events.
Harnessing your visual system to carry out computations
Principles governing the organization of city road networks...and the brain
Techniques for early visual detection of oxygen desaturation
A new function for binocular vision, and the evolution of forward-facing eyes
The underlying economic rationality of preference and affect dynamics
Bare skin, blood, emotion, and the evolution of primate color vision
A general theory of mammalian visual cortex organization
The economical organization of the lexicon
Why letters are shaped the way they are
How bigger brains are made 
Patterns across writing systems, and what it tells us about visual recognition 
Latency correction and a general theory of illusions 
A general theoretical framework for complex, behavioral networks 
Behavioral complexity in mammals 
Why animals (and other biological entities) have as many limbs as they do 
The shapes of neurons and arteries are volume-optimal 
Decision theoretic approaches to perception 
Learning hunger and thirst 
Riddle of induction 
Vagueness of natural language 
Mathematical inevitability of the eureka, or Aha!, phenomenon 
Ultimate computational limits on learning